
Fruits Basket is a Japanese manga (comic) series by Natsuki Takaya that goes through the themes of love, belonging and change. In this series, the heroine Tohru meets and befriends members of the Sohma family who are afflicted with the zodiac curse, where they turn into animals when they are weak, stressed or embraced by anyone of the opposite sex. By drawing on her experiences of being with her mother before her death, Tohru helps the Sohma family members overcome their past and present struggles to become better versions of themselves. In return, Tohru receives love and support from members of the Sohma family which culminates in her wanting to break the zodiac curse to free them.
Fruits Basket has a lot of characters that undergo different journeys throughout the series to achieve different endings. These characters vary in terms of how much they change throughout the series, and how open they are to interacting with other people. In this blog post, I wanted to explore the key factors that determine whether a character in the Fruits Basket manga achieves a happy or sad ending. To answer this question, I used qualitative comparative analysis (QCA) to understand each character, and to identify different ways that characters can achieve a happy or sad ending.
A brief overview of QCA
QCA is a case-based research method that draws on case studies to identify multiple pathways to the outcome of interest. Each pathway consists of a combination of factors that work together to produce the outcome. I used QCA in my project for a number of reasons:
- We can look at multiple factors at the same time, and simplify them to a set of pathways that lead to the same outcome. This allows us to describe how the outcome can occur in different ways.
- We can test both the presence and absence of an outcome, deriving different pathways in the process.
- We can preserve the detail of our case studies, drawing on them as examples to explain how a specific combination of factors leads to or does not lead to the outcome of interest.
QCA works by first understanding the case studies, scoring them on the presence or absence of the outcome and factor, and using them to identify a set of pathways. This process can be described in six steps:
- Outcome and factor definition: I initially defined the outcome and factors for my QCA, as well as how they will be scored, based on background research of what may affect a young person. I placed the definitions and scores in a rubric which was constantly updated as I read the manga. In the end, I came up with the below factors:
- Character-parent relationship (relationship): What is the relationship between the character and their parents like?
- Social interaction (interaction): How much does the character interact with other people?
- Conformity to authority (conformity): How much does the character follow the orders of authority figures (such as their parents, the Sohma family head…)?
- Character development (development): How much does the character change throughout the manga?
- Case selection: I listed some Fruits Basket characters that I wanted to investigate further. I included the main characters of the manga, including the Sohma family members who are part of the zodiac curse, as well as some side characters. In total, I looked at 21 characters in the Fruits Basket manga series.
- Case description: I read the manga and made notes on most chapters. I also read the pages of the Fruits Basket Wiki to collect information on each character. Information from both sources was coded for the outcome and individual factors.
- Case summary: Based on what I collected from the manga and the Fruits Basket Wiki, I summarised information about each character in an Excel spreadsheet.
- Data analysis: For each character, I scored each outcome and factor based on the rubric. I then imported the scores into fsQCA software. The software uses Boolean algebra to simplify the scores into a set of pathways that leads to the presence or absence of the outcome.
- Case linkage: I checked each pathway against the case studies to test the link between the factors and outcome and to produce an explanation behind each pathway.
Throughout the process, I went back to earlier steps of QCA to change some things depending on the results I received. These included redefining the rubric by changing definitions or scores for the outcome and factor, adding, removing or combining some factors, or re-reading the manga or Wiki pages to collect more information about the character.
In the end, I identified three pathways that can help characters achieve a happy ending. I also discovered a pathway that led to a sad ending for the character. Each pathway is represented by a combination of factors that work together to achieve the outcome of interest (represented by the multiplication sign (x)). I will explain what each factor combination means.
Pathway 1 to a happy end
Interaction x development -> outcome
Characters who are willing to interact with other people and change themselves throughout the manga often get happy endings. The majority of the characters analysed (13 out of 21 characters) fell under this pathway, with two of the main characters being exemplars of this pathway.
Tohru

Tohru is the main heroine of the manga, meeting all the members of the Sohma family.
As a child, she felt lonely, with other children excluding her from games. Despite this, she made two close friends in middle school (Arisa and Saki) who support her. During the manga, she interacts very positively with all members of the Sohma family, providing support and unconditional love to them. This love even extends to Akito, the Sohma family head who was antagonistic towards her for most of the manga. Despite this, Tohru still reached out to Akito when she became despondent about everyone leaving her. These examples show her willingness to interact with other people throughout the manga.
Tohru is already a positive character at the beginning of the manga, being open-minded, cheerful and optimistic. However, these hide behind her struggle to be honest with her feelings, particularly her love towards Kyo, a member of the Sohma family who is part of the zodiac curse. This conflicted with her need to not forget her recently deceased mother. However, she gradually becomes more honest with her feelings towards Kyo which fuels her desire to break the zodiac curse to free him. She moves on from her mother’s death by accepting her feelings towards Kyo and reciprocating Kyo’s love in return. Eventually, she moves out of town with Kyo to support his martial arts training in the countryside. This shows the amount of character development Tohru underwent as she moved on from her past to be with the person she loved.
Kyo

Kyo is an orange-haired boy who is afflicted with the curse of the cat. He is often referred to as the ‘black sheep’ of the Sohma family as the other members look down on him.
He is socially awkward, wanting to keep other people at arm’s length as he is tired of other people pitying him. Consequently, he only associates himself with a few people, particularly Kazuma, a martial arts master, who acts as a supportive foster father towards him. He also gradually warms up to Tohru, telling her to take care of herself and to be more honest with her feelings. He eventually falls in love with her as he received unconditionally support from Tohru throughout the manga. These examples show that despite Kyo interacting with few people, he views Kazuma and Tohru as important people in his life.
He experienced a lot of guilt and self-loathing from past events in his life. These included his mother’s suicide, his estrangement from his biological father and him running away from Tohru’s mum as she lay dying from being hit by a car. He initially coped by pinning all the blame on Yuki, his cousin, and wanting to beat him in battle. However, thanks to Kazuma and Tohru, he gradually opens himself up to other people and to confront his past in an effort to move on. This culminates in Kyo facing his biological father and, in the face of his father throwing insults at him, declares that he will not give up on himself to live a normal life.
He eventually confesses to Tohru and becomes her boyfriend. He later moves out of town with Tohru to continue his martial arts training in the countryside so that he can succeed Kazuma in the future. These events highlight his journey from being a negative person at the beginning of the manga to a positive person at the end.
Pathway 2 to the outcome
Conformity x development -> outcome
Despite characters conforming to their parents or authority figures in the past, if they are open to changing themselves throughout the manga, they can still achieve a happy ending. From the manga, there are 5 characters (out of 21) who fall under this pathway.
Yuki

Yuki is a shy, silver-haired boy in the Sohma family who is afflicted with the curse of the rat.
As a child, his mother ordered him to stay by Akito’s side all the time so that she could benefit from his son being close to god. Yuki stayed by Akito’s side all the time, not interacting with other members of the Sohma family. He was also verbally, emotionally and psychological abused by Akito, and was often locked up in a dark room for days while Akito tormented him. His mother also neglected him, even going so far as slapping him and telling him to go back to Akito when he came to her for support. This shut off any avenue of rebelling against his mother or Akito, forcing him to conform.
As a result of his neglected and traumatic childhood, he suffered from severe self-esteem issues and loneliness. However, through the support of people such as Tohru and Ayame (his older brother), he gradually finds the courage to stand up and improve himself. A prime example of this is his defiance towards his mother during the parent-teacher conference, where he told her not to make decisions about his future on his behalf. He also learns not to blame other people, something that is shown when he found the courage to forgive Akito despite her abusive past. As a result, he becomes more confident of himself, takes more control of his life, and is close to many people, particularly his girlfriend Machi. This shows the massive amount of growth Yuki experienced from the beginning of the manga, and how he benefited from it.
Machi

Machi is a girl who is suffering from the aftereffects of an inheritance war.
Machi conformed quite strongly to her mother in the past, being pressured to be perfect in every aspect of her life so that she can be the next family heir. However, when her little brother was born, she was cast aside as her mother now had a male heir. When she was wrongfully accused of trying to murder her little brother, she was forced to follow her mother’s orders to move out of the family house and live in an apartment alone.
As a result of her upbringing, she did not have time to discover who she was as an individual. Consequently, she had low self-esteem, and felt that she did not have a personality. The pressure to be perfect at a young age also caused her to despise perfection. This hatred drove her tendency to destroy anything that she considers too tidy such as wrecking her apartment or the student council room and breaking a brand new box of chalk. However, thanks to Yuki’s support, she starts to learn what she likes as an individual and tries her best to change. As a result, she becomes more approachable, expressive, honest and communicative. She also falls in love with Yuki, something that he reciprocates by the end of the manga. This shows how much Machi had changed in the manga, allowing her to have a happy ending.
Pathway 3 to the outcome
-interaction x conformity x relationship (x development) -> outcome
Even if the character does not interact much with other people and conforms strongly to their parents or authority figures, if they have a positive relationship with their parents they can still achieve a happy ending. Only 3 characters out of 21 fell under this pathway, and even then it was difficult to explain how this pathway led to a happy ending. Adding the character development factor helped explain this pathway more clearly.
Kisa

Kisa is a blond, middle-school girl in the Sohma family who is afflicted with the curse of the tiger. As a result of other middle school students teasing her about her blond hair, Kisa goes mute and shuts herself off from other people. Even when she talks again, she only interacts with a few people, becoming attached to Tohru and Yuki and slowly becoming close to Hiro, her childhood friend, again.
She was not rebellious towards Akito or her parents. Rather, she was slapped by Akito after Hiro confessed that he loved Kisa. Despite this, Kisa loved her mother, not wanting to trouble her by telling her that she was being bullied. This left her no choice but to run away. Even though Kisa’s mother panicked when Kisa ran away, her fears were allayed when Tohru explained why Kisa did not want to talk about being bullied with her. Kisa’s mother also loved her dearly and wanted to keep in contact with her, shown by her contacting Tohru every day to pass on some tips of how to take care of Kisa.
However, it was thanks to Tohru and Yuki sharing their experiences with Kisa that she realises that she needed to change or things would get worse for her. As a result, she starts to return to school and face her fears. Consequently, she not only becomes more confident in herself, but also grows closer to her childhood friend Hiro, supporting one another throughout the manga, particularly after their curses break towards the end of the manga.
Ritsu

Ritsu is a blond-haired, cross-dressing male who is clumsy, over-apologetic and afflicted with the curse of the monkey.
He is afraid of interacting with other people for fear of offending them. Consequently, he only interacts with a few people. However, he received parental love from his mother who accepted him unconditionally despite his clumsiness. In return, he loves his parents, to the point of apologising to them for feeling useless in the world despite their assistance. He also decides to succeed his mother in being the host of the Sohma onsen of his own free will. Also, thanks to Tohru, Ritsu thinks about what he wanted to do in his life, and to find his reason to live in another person. Eventually, he not only becomes more confident in himself, but also becomes friends with, and eventually dates, someone who had a similar personality as him.
What leads to a sad ending?
-Relationship x -Interaction x -Conformity x -Development -> -Outcome
A combination of all of these factors can lead to a sad ending for the character:
- The absence or negativity of the character’s relationship with their parents.
- An unwillingness to interact with other people.
- A tendency to rebel against their parents or authority figures.
- An unwillingness to change throughout the manga.
The above factors can explain how two characters had sadder endings than other characters in the manga.
Akito

Akito is the head of the Sohma family who controls the other members of the zodiac curse as their ‘god’.
Akito had opposing relationships with her parents, loving her father but hating her mother. Her father was kind and affectionate towards Akito, telling her that she is special and that she is born to be loved by everyone. In contrast, her mother hated Akito for stealing her husband’s attention from her. Upon her husband’s death, she taunts Akito by saying she is unneeded and worthless and that other people will abandon her. Akito responds by being defiant towards her. She tries to show her mother that she is still loved and needed by abusing many members of the zodiac curse and telling them to come back to her.
As a result, despite warnings from other characters that things are changing, she still clings onto the belief that everyone will come back and respect her. When the other characters leave her as their curses break, she breaks down. It was by meeting Tohru that she learns she does not have to be special and that she can be herself. As a result, she willingly breaks the rest of the zodiac curse to free everyone.
Nevertheless, she faces significant challenges at the end of the manga as she atones for her past actions. These included excluding herself from future family events and continually being berated by her mother.
Isuzu

Isuzu is a young woman in the Sohma family who is afflicted with the curse of the horse.
Her relationship with her parents is non-existent. Her parents felt Isuzu was a burden to their lives, abusing and abandoning her after she questioned whether they were happy. They eventually disown her as they did not know how to love her anymore. Additionally, she is thrown out of the window by Akito after she confessed that she loved Hatsuharu who is afflicted with the curse of the ox. Consequently, she is driven to break the zodiac curse for her boyfriend, even going so far as accepting a request from Akito’s mother to find Akito’s secret. She is found out by Akito who punishes her by cutting her hair and imprisoning her in a room.
As a result, Isuzu is a negative person for most of the manga who does not meaningfully change throughout the manga. She is also distant towards other people, pushing them away as she did not want to show weakness in an effort to break the zodiac curse. She only changes after she is freed from Akito and falls into Hatsuharu’s arms.
Consequently, she becomes a broken person by the end of the manga, crying when her curse breaks. In contrast to the other characters who move on with their lives, Isuzu is stuck to her past, not forgiving Akito for what she did to her and not knowing what she wanted to do in her life.
Conclusion

I conducted a QCA to identify some ways that characters in the Fruits Basket manga series achieve happy or sad endings. From this analysis I identified three pathways that characters can follow to achieve a happy ending. In all three pathways, character development, describing how open the character is to changing, plays a key role in achieving a happy ending. I also identified a pathway that led to a sad ending for the character. This pathway relates to the social isolation and lack of development the character experiences as they focus on achieving their goals (Akito in proving her mother wrong, and Isuzu in breaking the zodiac curse). If the characters had been more open to receiving help and support from other people, or in changing themselves in the face of shifting circumstances, their endings may have been happier.
By identifying different ways that characters can achieve happy or sad endings, we can identify key results that we can apply to real life. Namely, by surrounding ourselves with people who support us and by being open to change and self-development, we can find a happy, fulfilling life for ourselves.
AI statement
All content is human-created and verified. No AI tools were used in collecting or analysing data, or in writing this blog post.






















